On some Ethereum L2s, bots now burn over half the gasoline simply looking for MEV, they usually don’t pay proportionally for it. That’s a scaling and market-fairness drawback rooted in market construction.
The privateness dialog in crypto has lastly escaped the “nameless cash” framing that dominated the final cycle. In early 2026, the urgency is financial and rooted in rapid monetary realities.
The trade faces a structural drawback: on-chain transparency generates extractable worth at large scale, and that extraction has grown right into a scaling bottleneck somewhat than remaining a purely philosophical concern.
Flashbots has documented how MEV-related “search spam” can devour greater than 50% of gasoline on main layer 2s whereas paying a small share of charges. Alchemy, citing EigenPhi information, factors to just about $24 million in MEV revenue extracted on Ethereum over simply 30 days, from Dec. 8, 2025, to Jan. 6, 2026.
When a hedge fund’s $10 million DEX swap is seen within the mempool earlier than it lands, slippage from sandwich assaults can dwarf gasoline prices.
Privateness is not a characteristic request. It is a market equity drawback.
Reads, writes, proving
The Ethereum Basis’s Privateness and Scaling Explorations workforce has standardized a three-part framework: non-public writes, non-public reads, and personal proving.
Non-public reads relate to hiding transaction intent earlier than execution. Non-public reads conceal which customers and apps are querying, reminiscent of balances and positions. Non-public proving is about making zero-knowledge proofs and attestations low-cost and moveable sufficient to embed all over the place.
Cais Manai, co-founder and CPO of TEN Protocol, argues essentially the most pressing drawback is reads. He said that the trade has spent years obsessing over hiding who despatched what to whom, the ‘write’ facet of privateness.
Nevertheless, he famous:
“The true hemorrhage proper now could be on the learn facet: the truth that each stability, each place, each liquidation threshold, each technique is sitting there in plaintext for anybody to examine. That is what powers MEV. That is what makes institutional DeFi a non-starter.”
Over 112,000 ETH, roughly $400 million at present costs, has been extracted from customers by sequencers and MEV bots feeding on the readable state, in line with TEN’s estimates.
The answer Manai advocates includes encrypting your entire execution atmosphere utilizing Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs). He defined:
“Contract state and logic keep encrypted whereas in use, not simply at relaxation. No one reads what they don’t seem to be imagined to, as a result of there’s nothing uncovered to learn.”
Tanisha Katara, founding father of Katara Consulting Group, sees “writes” as the costliest drawback proper now.
In response to her:
“Learn privateness (RPC leakage, question patterns) is a slow-burning surveillance problem. Write privateness (front-running, sandwich assaults on institutional flows) is actively destroying worth right this moment. It is lots of of thousands and thousands per 12 months being extracted from customers as a result of their transaction intent is seen earlier than execution. “
Andy Guzman, who leads the Ethereum Basis’s Privateness and Scaling Explorations workforce, emphasizes that non-public reads aren’t extensively understood.
He elaborated additional:
“Non-public Writes is the one which at the moment takes most consideration, it is the ‘first base’ and arguably the very first thing you must do. Non-public Proving is the enabler of the opposite two, and it has superior considerably in recent times. Nonetheless loads to do.”
Ethereum non-public writes because the wedge
Non-public orderflow is a product.
Flashbots’ MEV-Share operates as an order-flow public sale through which customers and wallets selectively share transaction information to redistribute MEV. By default, 90% of extracted worth flows again to customers somewhat than disappearing to bots.
Encrypted mempools characterize the following layer. Shutter’s analysis paperwork a pathway that makes use of threshold encryption and timed key launch, built-in with proposer-builder separation.
Transactions enter the mempool encrypted and are decrypted solely after the order is dedicated, eliminating the general public mempool as an assault floor. The design acknowledges sensible constraints: latency overhead, reorg edge instances, and coordination challenges throughout validator units.
The financial stress is actual sufficient that main infrastructure suppliers are constructing MEV safety into default flows.
Alchemy’s MEV overview characterizes the issue as systemic, with documented revenue extraction totaling roughly $1 billion yearly throughout main chains.
| Layer | What’s uncovered right this moment | Financial hurt | What’s deploying now (examples) | Principal bottleneck |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Writes | Commerce intent pre-execution | Sandwiching / slippage | MEV-Share, non-public orderflow, encrypted mempool analysis | Coordination + pockets defaults |
| Reads | Balances / positions / queries | Technique leakage / MEV gasoline | Non-public RPC, stealth addresses (ERC-5564), TEEs / confidential execution | UX + developer UX |
| Proving | Privateness proofs portability/price | Deployment friction | zk tooling bettering (Ethproofs: ~5× latency ↓, ~15× price ↓) | Integration + product selections |
Silent leak changing into the following Ethereum headline
The Ethereum privateness roadmap now explicitly elevates non-public reads as a first-class monitor.
RPC privateness, which hides which addresses question which contracts, is necessary as a result of question patterns expose methods. If a bot observes {that a} particular tackle repeatedly checks a liquidation threshold, it is aware of the place is close to collapse.
Pockets-side privateness primitives are the place this will get sensible. Stealth addresses are formally standardized underneath ERC-5564, enabling recipient privateness by producing distinctive, unlinkable addresses for every fee.
The specification exists, however broad Ethereum pockets adoption stays hindered by UX challenges, together with scanning incoming funds, reconciling balances throughout ephemeral addresses, and the complexity of key administration.
Manai’s developer UX argument hits hardest right here:
“The true UX bottleneck in 2026 is developer UX, the hole between ‘I wish to construct a non-public utility’ and really with the ability to do it with out studying a completely new programming mannequin, a customized language, or a bespoke proving system.”
He highlighted the necessity for full EVM/SVMs operating inside TEEs so builders can construct encrypted dApps utilizing the identical instruments, languages, and psychological fashions they have already got. No circuits to put in writing, no customized VMs to study.
Proving is bettering quick sufficient
Zero-knowledge proving prices have collapsed. Ethproofs’ 2025 evaluation paperwork onboarding a number of zkVMs and provers, verifying roughly 200,000 blocks, and seeing latency fall roughly fivefold whereas prices dropped round fifteenfold over the 12 months.
Proof era is not the first constraint on privateness deployment.
The Ethereum bottleneck has shifted to coordination and integration. Guzman identifies person expertise and price as the first boundaries for retail customers, and regulation and compliance as the first boundaries for establishments.
He mentioned:
“The most affordable transaction you’ll be able to ship on Ethereum is round 21,000 gasoline, roughly $0.02. A personal switch can simply be 420,000 gasoline or extra. In intervals of low exercise, it is okay (round $0.40), however excessive exercise might turn into pricey for some use instances.”
Katara frames it as a coordination drawback:
“Proof price was the bottleneck in 2023-24. It is resolving. The coordination drawback is the bottleneck: Who decides that shielded sends are on by default in a pockets? Who governs the important thing server threshold in an encrypted mempool? These are the unsexy mechanism design issues that decide whether or not privateness truly reaches customers.”
Regulation is shaping and directing the Ethereum design house
Privateness builders are designing within the shadow of compliance necessities and authorized danger.
The US Treasury delisted Twister Money sanctions in 2025, however authorized uncertainty did not vanish. Twister Money developer Roman Storm confronted a blended verdict: responsible on an unlicensed money-transmitting enterprise cost, with the jury deadlocked or acquitted on different counts.
On the compliance facet, the EU’s crypto journey rule regime underneath Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 took impact on Dec. 30, 2024, requiring the gathering and transmission of identities for crypto-asset transfers.
Privateness is not disappearing, however being productized into types that may survive regulation: selective disclosure, coverage controls, auditability home windows.
Everlasting opacity scares regulators. Privateness that is auditable on a schedule is one thing they will work with.
Katara notes the irony:
“Permissioned and enterprise chains could ship default privateness to institutional customers earlier than public chains ship it to retail.”
What minimal viable privateness appears like in 2026
For the common MetaMask person in 2026, Katara expects one-address-per-application to turn into extra widespread, elective shielded sends in a couple of wallets, and early RPC privateness options.
Guzman factors to stealth addresses and shielded swimming pools as already sensible, with UI bettering quickly:
“I feel we’re going to see extra L2s specializing in funds and personal transfers.”
Manai is extra pessimistic about defaults on most chains. He said:
“Actually? Near nothing. The typical person in 2026 continues to be broadcasting each swap, each stability test, each approval in plaintext. The minimal viable privateness must be: your balances aren’t public, your commerce intent is not seen earlier than execution, and you are not shedding worth to front-runners.”
Three paths ahead
The primary state of affairs is that MEV makes privateness unavoidable.
Wallets and apps proceed to combine non-public transaction pathways, reminiscent of non-public RPC, MEV-Share-style routing, and per-app addressing. The set off is sustained MEV extraction plus extra institutional capital shifting on-chain.
The second state of affairs is confidential execution goes enterprise-first. TEEs and policy-based encryption acquire traction in managed environments, reminiscent of establishments, regulated apps, and personal markets, as a result of they prioritize enterprise confidentiality over client anonymity.
The third state of affairs is that regulatory chill pushes privateness to an opt-in-only mannequin. If enforcement focuses broadly on privateness tooling, retail privateness UX stays area of interest. Groups shift to selective disclosure and “coverage privateness” designs, reminiscent of Privateness Swimming pools, somewhat than generalized shielding.
Privateness in 2026 is not a characteristic. It is a response to structural issues that grew to become too costly to disregard.
Ethereum MEV extraction, technique leakage, and on-chain surveillance create quantifiable losses at an institutional scale. The expertise to handle these issues exists: encrypted mempools, stealth addresses, confidential execution environments, and zero-knowledge proving with collapsed prices.
The barrier is not cryptography anymore. It is coordination, developer UX, and the unsexy work of creating privateness the default somewhat than opt-in.
The trade spent the final cycle constructing privateness as an exception. The following cycle will decide whether or not privateness turns into infrastructure (boring, invisible, and all over the place) or stays a distinct segment characteristic for the paranoid and the institutional.
The distinction comes down as to whether the folks constructing wallets, apps, and protocols resolve that leaking all the things by default is a bug value fixing. In 2026, the economists lastly counsel it is a bug.
